The use, abuse and misuse of performance enhancing drugs including Research Paper

The use, abuse and misuse of performance enhancing drugs including painkillers in sports - Research Paper Example This normally involves a series of workouts and hard training programs, which may make some of these athletes to turn to performance enhancing drugs (Barr, n.d). Traditional training methods involved by any sports athletes includes keeping on a strict diet of healthy foods and drinks that trainers prescribes, daily and routing work outs on their skills and training sessions to help keep their bodies fit. Some of these athletes turn to performance enhancing drugs to help them improve their performance in the field, or to get faster results in sports without lots of training. In addition, these drugs may be prescribed for medicinal use to athletes, but contain some chemicals that enhance the performance of the athlete unknowingly. The athlete acquires others for the sole purpose of enhancing their performance in the field (Orchard et al., 2006). The need to use drugs by athletes has been researched by Coleman and in an article by Prince (2007), whereby he states that an athlete’ s choice to use drugs is based on some of the following factors. First the athlete may use performance enhancing drugs due to cultural, social policy or attitudes and policing. This implies that the athlete’s cultures and norms may prompt him/her to use the drugs in order to fulfill gain acceptance in their culture. Secondly, environmental factors that includes conditioning, learning and life events, in which the athlete grows in and tries to emulate in sports. Thirdly, athlete’s interpersonal relationship with peers and family members may influence their use of performance enhancing drugs. Therefore, being from a family of athletes or working under the shadow of high performing athletes in the family or society may make them use these drugs to enhance their own performance. Another factor is at an intrapersonal, where the athlete develops cognitively feeling inferior, hence may use performance enhancing drugs to achieve high levels of performance. In addition, with al l these factors in place, the choice of use, abuse or misuse of performance enhancing drugs by any athlete comes to a matter of choice. Athletes use performance-enhancing drugs because in many cases they seek an easy way to achieve maximum performance, with minimum effort. Moreover, they feel that if they use these drugs they shall get a winning edge over their competition. As Coleman relates drive in profit, gaining techniques is the main driving force for any athlete to use performance-enhancing drugs. He clarifies that the athlete has a choice to choose between hard training and work or use performance enhancing drugs. Since benefits of using the drugs outweigh the bad, they turn to these drugs for an extra edge. In addition, athletes have the urge to get socially recognized and approved, and are mainly driven by the rational choice and force to succeed and break records in the fields influence their use of these drugs (Prince, 2007). Increase of use and misuse of performance enh ancing drugs has led to the formation of the World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) to combat this in sports world wide. This agency later gave the criteria in which a drug is considered as illegal for use in any sports (Gerrard, 2005). The first criteria is that any drugs that performance enhancing to any athletes or gives them extra help over the other violates this rule. Secondly, it is stated that any drug that is deemed to cause health

Comparative Soteriologies Lutheran and Reformed Judaism Research Paper

Comparative Soteriologies Lutheran and Reformed Judaism - Research Paper Example These three religions, including Judaism, Christianity and Islam, appear to be enthused by one and the same light, and share several similarities in their religious system including basic concept of God, angels, Satan, heaven, hellfire, creation, life and death, Day of Resurrection, reward and punishment, holy personalities and myth about them, need of preaching and observing of moral values in individual and collective life etc. Additionally, the notion salvation also maintains imperative place in Abrahamic religious beliefs, which is actually the by-product of the inspiration they seek from the heavenly revelation sent from the Lord for the spiritual and moral uplift of humans in this world as well as in the life Hereinafter. â€Å"Soteriological comes from the Greek soter, savior, and salvation from the Latin salus, and both have become linked historically with the specifically Christian notion of being saved by the atoning death of Christ from God’s righteous judgment upo n the sinners.† (Hick 1989, 10) Salvation is a more specific form of the more general idea of being brought from an evil situation into a radically better one. Since salvation is the central concept of Christian mythology, almost all the religious activities and performances of the Christianity revolve around this very notion, though the scholars have interpreted it in quite different ways. Brief Overview of Anselm's view of Salvation: The Christians strongly believe in the concept of Original Sin, according to which every human commits sins and gets involved into deviant behavior and perversion from the noble path to be followed according to the commands made by the Deity, because of his natural tendencies towards sins. Moreover, it is the same tendency that is responsible for the expulsion of the first parents of humankind from the Eden Garden. Since Almighty God is the Creator and Sustainer of the world, and has created humans out of his own image to rule over all other cre atures of the universe, the Lord does not want to humiliate and punish the humans. Consequently, He decided to bestow salvation upon humans in order to protect them from extreme agony and sufferings. â€Å"And there is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved.† (Peter in Acts 4:12, retrieved from usbible.com) However, the interpretation of the concept salvation is made in quite divergent manners among the Christian theologians and scholars, and hence, they appear to be at daggers drawn in the basic notion of this religious belief. Some of the Christians are of the opinion that since Jesus has sacrificed his life for their redemption, so they are not bound to do good only. Hence, the sacrifice made by Jesus has exempted them from observing virtuous deeds to please their Lord. Rather, they would surely enter the heavens whether they practice virtue or not at all. On the contrary, the Lutheran school of thought c onsiders the very reality that the great sacrifice has bound the Christians to imitate the footprints of the Holy Christ by strictly observing the commands of the Lord by performing the obligations towards Him and the fellow humans. This notion is often inter-mixed with the Jewish traditions, though the Jewish scholars, refute the very idea of original sin altogether, and lay stress upon virtuous